Sabtu, 21 Mei 2016
Metonymy, Synecdoche and Hyperbole
Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which something is called by a new name that is related in meaning to the original thing or concept. Metonymy, (from Greekmetōnymia, “change of name,” or “misnomer”). Purposes of using a metonymy is to add flavor to the writing.There are some examples of Metonymy:· The White House is busy welcoming the presidents of some developing countries.· He writes a fine hand· I am going to buy a pair of Levi’s· A cup of good day can make you enjoy your day· The pen - can refer to prison or to the act of writing· The crown - a royal person· Lend me your ears by Mark Antony di Julius Caesar· Dish - To refer an entire plate of food· The Pentagon - For the Department of Defense and the offices of the U.S. Armed Forces· Sword - For military force· Hollywood - For US Cinema
(http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/writing-metonymy.php)(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL_q_bnE7ck)
Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole thing. The word synecdoche is derived from the Greek phrases synekdochē and ekdechesthai, meaning “to sense” and “to understand.”There are examples of Synecdoche:· A boy has been admitted to the hospital. The nurse says, “He’s in good hands.”The boy is not literally being taken care of by two hands. Rather, he is being taken care of by an entire hospital system, including nurses, assistants, doctors, and many others. This is an example of microcosmic synecdoche, as a part signifies a whole.· New wheels - refers to a new car· Ask for her hand - refers to asking a woman to marry· The word “bread” refers to food or money as in “Writing is my bread and butter” or “sole breadwinner”.· The phrase “gray beard” refers to an old man.· The word “sails” refers to a whole ship.· The term “coke” is a common synecdoche for all carbonated drinks.· The word “glasses” refers to spectacles.· “Coppers” often refers to coins.· A gossip refers a "wagging tongue."
(http://literarydevices.net/synecdoche/)
Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a figurative languagetechnique where exaggeration is used to create a strong effect. With hyperbole, the notion of the speaker is greatly exaggerated to emphasize the point. The word “hyperbole” is actually composed of two root words: “hyper” which means “over,” and “bole” which means “to throw.” So, etymologically, “hyperbole” translates roughly to “over throw” or “to throw over. True to it’s origins, hyperbole or language that is hyperbolic overstates a point or goes a bit too far.There are examples of Hyperbole:· I am so tired I cannot walk another inch” or “I’m so sleepy I might fall asleep standing here· That woman has no self-control.· That was the easiest question in the world.· Nothing can bother him.· I can smell pizza from a mile away.· I went home and made the biggest sandwich of all time.· The lesson was taking forever.· These shoes are killing me.· He walked down the road to nowhere.· My dad knows everything about cars.· I will never say “never.”· I’d move mountains for her.· She is perfect in everyway.· I could listen to that song on repeat forever.
(http://www.ereadingworksheets.com/figurative-language/figurative-language-examples/hyperbole-examples/)(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYy4UQ8plJQ)
SIMILE and METAPHOR
SIMILE
A simile is a word that compares words in a sentence. You can usually tell if a simile is present in a sentence when you see the words as or like. I am as poor as a church mouse.He is hungry like a wolf.She sings like an angel.Here are some similes by famous people:· A room without books is like a body without a soul.(Roman philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106 BC - 43 BC)·
Writing about music is like dancing about architecture.(Credited to English singer-songwriter Elvis Costello)· Perhaps too much of everything is as bad as too little.(American novelist Edna Ferber, 1887-1968)Here are some funny similes:· He was as lame as a duck. Not the metaphorical lame duck, either, but a real duck that was actually lame, maybe from stepping on a land mine or something.· Duct tape is like the force — it has a light side, a dark side, and it holds the universe together. (Carl Zwanzig).· Dealing with network executives is like being nibbled to death by ducks. (Eric Sevareid).· I'm as pure as the driven slush. (Tallulah Bankhead, 1903-1968)· Her vocabulary was like, yeah, whatever.Significance of Simile in LiteratureSimile can be an excellent way for an author either to make an unusual thing seem more familiar or a familiar thing seem more unique. Good similes can also make readers think about things in a new way, and can sometimes create a lasting effect. Simile can also sometimes be used to show a comparison, though with the conclusion that these two things really are unalike or even at odds with each other.Simile can help to make new connections for the reader. One of literature’s purposes is to help better explain the world around us, and the technique of simile is one of those ways in which we are able to see things in a new way. All types of analogies are cognitive processes of transferring meaning from one thing to another, and thus the use of simile in literature has real synaptic effects. For this reason, and for aesthetic purposes, simile has been a popular literary technique for many hundreds of years.There are examples of Simile in Literature:What happens to a dream deferred?Does it dry uplike a raisin in the sun?Or fester like a sore—And then run?Does it stink like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over—like a syrupy sweet?Maybe it just sagslike a heavy load.Or does it explode?(“Harlem” by Langston Hughes)Langston Hughes uses five examples of simile in this short poem, “Harlem.” Each simile is one possibility that Hughes imagines for “a dream deferred.” Theimagery was so striking in this poem that playwright Lorraine Hansberry named her famous play A Raisin in the Sun after the first simile in the poem. All of the similes in this poem share a sense of decay and burden, just like a dream that does not come to fruition.My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun;Coral is far more red than her lips’ red;If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.(“Sonnet 130” by William Shakespeare)This excerpt from Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 130” is an example of a negative simile. Shakespeare goes against the expectation praising his mistress’s beauty and instead says what she is not like. Her lips are not as red as coral, her skin is not pure as snow, and so on. This striking simile example plays with both the tradition of sonnets as well as the usual function of similes.
METAPHORA
metaphor compares words in a sentence;
however, instead of saying that one thing is like something else, a metaphor actually makes one thing become something very different by renaming it. A metaphor can sometimes use words like is, are, or was (and other words) to signal that a metaphor is present. However, a metaphor never uses the words like or as to compare.My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships)The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore, this implies that the coming times are going to be hard for him.)Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)There are examples of Metaphor in Literary:
1. “She is all states, and all princes, I.”John Donne, a metaphysical poet, was well-known for his abundant use of metaphors throughout his poetical works. In his well-known work “The Sun Rising,” the speaker scolds the sun for waking him and his beloved. Among the most evocative metaphors in literature, he explains “she is all states, and all princes, I
.” This line demonstrates the speaker’s belief that he and his beloved are richer than all states, kingdoms, and rulers in the entire world because of the love that they share.
2. “Shall I Compare Thee to a summer’s Day”,William Shakespeare was the best exponent of the use of metaphors. His poetical works and dramas all make wide-ranging use of metaphors.“Sonnet 18,”also known as “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day,” is an extended metaphor between the love of the speaker and the fairness of the summer season. He writes that “thy eternal summer,” here taken to mean the love of the subject, “shall not fade.”
SYNONYM
Synonyms are words that have the same or very similar meaning. All words can have a synonym. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions can have a synonym as long as both words are the same part of speech.
Examples of Synonyms Adjectives : Beautiful, lovely, gorgeous, stunning, strikingNouns : House, home, dwelling, residence, abode, quartersVerbs : Jump, bound, leap, hop, skipPrepositions : In, inside, withinThe other examples, there are:Small, little, mini, short, tiny, petite, fineSoft, silky, downy, weak, limp, soggyWeak, wimpy, faint, flimsyHold, cling, clench, grasp, wait, gripRun, dash, sprint,Fast, prompt, quickSmart, bright, intelligent, brilliantShy, bashful, introverted, quiet, withdrawnKind, considerate, gracious, sweet, thoughtfulLazy, idle, lethargic, lackadaisicalMean, bad-tempered, difficult, unpleasant, unfriendlyFriendly, sociable, outgoing, warm, extrovertedRich, wealthy, well-to-do, affluent, well-offThe list could go on and on but the important point to consider is that all of the above synonyms could be interchanged in a sentence. However, when you do replace a word with its synonym, you have to pay close attention to the context so that the synonym will convey the same meaning. For Example:My driver’s license has expiredYou couldn’t replace the word expired with the word die even though the two are synonyms. It wouldn’t make sense. A driver’s license can’t die. So, you need to keep in mind that not every synonym of the word you want to replace will be a good choice.
ANTONYM
Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. For example, the antonym of long is short. Often words will have more than one antonym but as with synonyms it depends on the context. For instance, the word warm could have the antonym cool or chilly. In order to choose the correct antonym, you have to look at all the meanings and how the word is used. Cool can mean stylish as well as chilly so the word cool may not be the best choice.Types of AntonymsAntonyms fall within the three categories: graded antonyms, relational antonyms, and complementary antonyms.Graded antonyms are word pairs that have variations between the two opposites.
For example, big and little are antonyms but there are a lot of changes before you get to the opposite meaning. Like this:Big, huge, bulky, full-size, slight, petite, littleOther examples are:Happy – sadHealthy – sickSmart – stupidRelational antonyms are pairs that have a relationship. Each word wouldn’t exist without the other. There can’t be a parent without a child or it’s either all or nothing. Other examples include:Open – closeHusband – wifeFront – backHello – goodbyeComplimentary antonyms are word pairs that have no degree of meaning. There are only two opposite possibilities.Dead- aliveTrue – falseMale- femaleDaughter – sonOn – off(http://www.k12reader.com/term/synonyms-and-antonymns/)
HYPONYM
Hyponym is a word, phrase, or lexemeof narrower or more specific meaning that comes ‘under’ another of wider or more general meaning. For example, rose underflower (‘a rose is a kind of flower’, ‘flowers include roses and tulips’).In this relationship, the word flower is ahyperonym, generic term, or superordinate term. Many hyponyms belong in groups, such as carpet, chair, desk, table, rug, stool, all of which are co-hyponyms of the hyperonym furniture (‘a carpet is an item of furniture’). Hyponymic relations are often imprecise, unstable, and multidimensional, depending on both context and how relationships are analysed.The same word may be a hyponym of several superordinates: axe as ‘kind of tool’ and ‘kind of weapon’; weapon also a hyponym of tool (‘a weapon is a kind of tool’). Battle-axe is ‘a kind of axe’ and ‘a kind of weapon’, but is unlikely to appear under axe in the sense of ‘a kind of tool’.Rug is in some contexts a synonym ofcarpet (‘The cat sat on the rug/carpet’), in others a hyponym of carpet (‘a rug is a kind of carpet’). (http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-HYPONYM.html)
COLLOCATION
Collocation is another feature that is important in the field of word meaning. Collocation refers to the co-occurrence possibility or compatibility of a word with other words. This feature is spoken of in syntagmatic terms – i.e. sentence ondering terms, as well as formal terms (meaning campatibility). For example “black” collocates well with “black” box, “black” coffee, “black” board and “black” bird. However, the collocation of “black” book, “black” mail, and “black” mark are slightly different from the first three. Likewise, other example of the colour terms as in:1. “red” wine and “red” dress compared to “red” herring, “red” letter and “red” army2. “blue” berry and “blue” cheese compared to “blue” moon, “blue” blood and “blue” collar3. “white” coffee and “white” wine compared to “white” skin and “white” collar(Baskaran, Loga. A Linguistic Primer for Malaysians)
Synonyms are words that have the same or very similar meaning. All words can have a synonym. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions can have a synonym as long as both words are the same part of speech.
Examples of Synonyms Adjectives : Beautiful, lovely, gorgeous, stunning, strikingNouns : House, home, dwelling, residence, abode, quartersVerbs : Jump, bound, leap, hop, skipPrepositions : In, inside, withinThe other examples, there are:Small, little, mini, short, tiny, petite, fineSoft, silky, downy, weak, limp, soggyWeak, wimpy, faint, flimsyHold, cling, clench, grasp, wait, gripRun, dash, sprint,Fast, prompt, quickSmart, bright, intelligent, brilliantShy, bashful, introverted, quiet, withdrawnKind, considerate, gracious, sweet, thoughtfulLazy, idle, lethargic, lackadaisicalMean, bad-tempered, difficult, unpleasant, unfriendlyFriendly, sociable, outgoing, warm, extrovertedRich, wealthy, well-to-do, affluent, well-offThe list could go on and on but the important point to consider is that all of the above synonyms could be interchanged in a sentence. However, when you do replace a word with its synonym, you have to pay close attention to the context so that the synonym will convey the same meaning. For Example:My driver’s license has expiredYou couldn’t replace the word expired with the word die even though the two are synonyms. It wouldn’t make sense. A driver’s license can’t die. So, you need to keep in mind that not every synonym of the word you want to replace will be a good choice.
ANTONYM
Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. For example, the antonym of long is short. Often words will have more than one antonym but as with synonyms it depends on the context. For instance, the word warm could have the antonym cool or chilly. In order to choose the correct antonym, you have to look at all the meanings and how the word is used. Cool can mean stylish as well as chilly so the word cool may not be the best choice.Types of AntonymsAntonyms fall within the three categories: graded antonyms, relational antonyms, and complementary antonyms.Graded antonyms are word pairs that have variations between the two opposites.
For example, big and little are antonyms but there are a lot of changes before you get to the opposite meaning. Like this:Big, huge, bulky, full-size, slight, petite, littleOther examples are:Happy – sadHealthy – sickSmart – stupidRelational antonyms are pairs that have a relationship. Each word wouldn’t exist without the other. There can’t be a parent without a child or it’s either all or nothing. Other examples include:Open – closeHusband – wifeFront – backHello – goodbyeComplimentary antonyms are word pairs that have no degree of meaning. There are only two opposite possibilities.Dead- aliveTrue – falseMale- femaleDaughter – sonOn – off(http://www.k12reader.com/term/synonyms-and-antonymns/)
HYPONYM
Hyponym is a word, phrase, or lexemeof narrower or more specific meaning that comes ‘under’ another of wider or more general meaning. For example, rose underflower (‘a rose is a kind of flower’, ‘flowers include roses and tulips’).In this relationship, the word flower is ahyperonym, generic term, or superordinate term. Many hyponyms belong in groups, such as carpet, chair, desk, table, rug, stool, all of which are co-hyponyms of the hyperonym furniture (‘a carpet is an item of furniture’). Hyponymic relations are often imprecise, unstable, and multidimensional, depending on both context and how relationships are analysed.The same word may be a hyponym of several superordinates: axe as ‘kind of tool’ and ‘kind of weapon’; weapon also a hyponym of tool (‘a weapon is a kind of tool’). Battle-axe is ‘a kind of axe’ and ‘a kind of weapon’, but is unlikely to appear under axe in the sense of ‘a kind of tool’.Rug is in some contexts a synonym ofcarpet (‘The cat sat on the rug/carpet’), in others a hyponym of carpet (‘a rug is a kind of carpet’). (http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-HYPONYM.html)
COLLOCATION
Collocation is another feature that is important in the field of word meaning. Collocation refers to the co-occurrence possibility or compatibility of a word with other words. This feature is spoken of in syntagmatic terms – i.e. sentence ondering terms, as well as formal terms (meaning campatibility). For example “black” collocates well with “black” box, “black” coffee, “black” board and “black” bird. However, the collocation of “black” book, “black” mail, and “black” mark are slightly different from the first three. Likewise, other example of the colour terms as in:1. “red” wine and “red” dress compared to “red” herring, “red” letter and “red” army2. “blue” berry and “blue” cheese compared to “blue” moon, “blue” blood and “blue” collar3. “white” coffee and “white” wine compared to “white” skin and “white” collar(Baskaran, Loga. A Linguistic Primer for Malaysians)
Jumat, 20 Mei 2016
Compounding, Clipping, Acronym and Blending
Word Formation: Compounding, Clipping, Acronym and BlendingThe word formation processes of compounding, clipping, and blending are important concepts when creating words. Also included for download are vocabulary lists of common English compounds, clipped words, and blends.· CompoundingCompounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes combine into a single new word. Compound words may be written as one word or as two words joined with a hyphen. For example:noun-noun compound: note + book → notebookadjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberryverb-noun compound: work + room → workroomnoun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeedverb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fryadjective-verb compound: high + light → highlightverb-preposition compound: break + up → breakuppreposition-verb compound: out + run → outrunadjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweetpreposition-preposition compound: in + to → intoCompounds may be compositional, meaning that the meaning of the new word is determined by combining the meanings of the parts, or noncompositional, meaning that the meaning of the new word cannot be determined by combining the meanings of the parts. For example, a blueberry is a berry that is blue. However, a breakup is not a relationship that was severed into pieces in an upward direction.Compound nouns should not be confused with nouns modified by adjectives, verbs, and other nouns. For example, the adjective black of the noun phrase black bird is different from the adjective black of the compound noun blackbird in that black of black bird functions as a noun phrase modifier while the black of blackbird is an inseparable part of the noun: a black bird also refers to any bird that is black in color while a blackbird is a specific type of bird.· ClippingClipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word. Clipping differs from back-formation in that the new word retains the meaning of the original word. For example:advertisement – adalligator – gatorexamination – examgasoline – gasgymnasium – gyminfluenza – flulaboratory – labmathematics – mathmemorandum – memophotograph – photopublic house – pubraccoon – coonreputation – repsituation comedy – sitcomtelephone – phoneThe four types of clipping are back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping, and complex clipping. Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline. Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from alligator. Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word as in flu from influenza. Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from multiple words as in sitcom from situation comedy.· BlendingBlending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. For example:advertisement + entertainment → advertainmentbiographical + picture → biopicbreakfast + lunch → brunchchuckle + snort → chortlecybernetic + organism → cyborgguess + estimate → guesstimatehazardous + material → hazmatmotor + hotel → motelprim + sissy → prissysimultaneous + broadcast → simulcastsmoke + fog → smogSpanish + English → Spanglishspoon + fork → sporktelephone + marathon → telethonweb + seminar → webinarBlended words are also referred to as portmanteaus.· Acronym An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name (for example, NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or by combining initial letters of a series of words (radar, from radio detection and ranging). Adjective: acronymic. Also called a protogram.Strictly speaking, says lexicographer John Ayto, an acronym "denotes a combinationpronounced as a word . . . rather than as just a sequence of letters" (A Century of New Words, 2007).An anacronym is an acronym (or otherinitialism) for which the expanded form isn't widely known or used, such as OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Administration).These acronyms are very widely used, making them some of the most popular to appear in the English language.RADAR - Radio detecting andrangingLASER - Light amplification by the stimulated emission ofradiation.NATO - The North AtlanticTreaty Organization.UNICEF - The United NationsInternational Children'sEmergency Fund.SCUBA - Self-containedunderwater breathingapparatus.WASP - White anglo saxonprotestant.
Word Formation: Compounding, Clipping, Acronym and BlendingThe word formation processes of compounding, clipping, and blending are important concepts when creating words. Also included for download are vocabulary lists of common English compounds, clipped words, and blends.· CompoundingCompounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes combine into a single new word. Compound words may be written as one word or as two words joined with a hyphen. For example:noun-noun compound: note + book → notebookadjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberryverb-noun compound: work + room → workroomnoun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeedverb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fryadjective-verb compound: high + light → highlightverb-preposition compound: break + up → breakuppreposition-verb compound: out + run → outrunadjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweetpreposition-preposition compound: in + to → intoCompounds may be compositional, meaning that the meaning of the new word is determined by combining the meanings of the parts, or noncompositional, meaning that the meaning of the new word cannot be determined by combining the meanings of the parts. For example, a blueberry is a berry that is blue. However, a breakup is not a relationship that was severed into pieces in an upward direction.Compound nouns should not be confused with nouns modified by adjectives, verbs, and other nouns. For example, the adjective black of the noun phrase black bird is different from the adjective black of the compound noun blackbird in that black of black bird functions as a noun phrase modifier while the black of blackbird is an inseparable part of the noun: a black bird also refers to any bird that is black in color while a blackbird is a specific type of bird.· ClippingClipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word. Clipping differs from back-formation in that the new word retains the meaning of the original word. For example:advertisement – adalligator – gatorexamination – examgasoline – gasgymnasium – gyminfluenza – flulaboratory – labmathematics – mathmemorandum – memophotograph – photopublic house – pubraccoon – coonreputation – repsituation comedy – sitcomtelephone – phoneThe four types of clipping are back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping, and complex clipping. Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline. Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from alligator. Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word as in flu from influenza. Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from multiple words as in sitcom from situation comedy.· BlendingBlending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. For example:advertisement + entertainment → advertainmentbiographical + picture → biopicbreakfast + lunch → brunchchuckle + snort → chortlecybernetic + organism → cyborgguess + estimate → guesstimatehazardous + material → hazmatmotor + hotel → motelprim + sissy → prissysimultaneous + broadcast → simulcastsmoke + fog → smogSpanish + English → Spanglishspoon + fork → sporktelephone + marathon → telethonweb + seminar → webinarBlended words are also referred to as portmanteaus.· Acronym An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name (for example, NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or by combining initial letters of a series of words (radar, from radio detection and ranging). Adjective: acronymic. Also called a protogram.Strictly speaking, says lexicographer John Ayto, an acronym "denotes a combinationpronounced as a word . . . rather than as just a sequence of letters" (A Century of New Words, 2007).An anacronym is an acronym (or otherinitialism) for which the expanded form isn't widely known or used, such as OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Administration).These acronyms are very widely used, making them some of the most popular to appear in the English language.RADAR - Radio detecting andrangingLASER - Light amplification by the stimulated emission ofradiation.NATO - The North AtlanticTreaty Organization.UNICEF - The United NationsInternational Children'sEmergency Fund.SCUBA - Self-containedunderwater breathingapparatus.WASP - White anglo saxonprotestant.
Onomatopoeia
Definition
Onomatopoeia is defined as a word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting.
Common Examples of Onomatopoeia
The buzzing bee flew away.
The sack fell into the river with a splash.
The books fell on the table with a loud thump.
He looked at the roaring sky.The rustling leaves kept me awake. The different sounds of animals are also considered as examples of onomatopoeia. You will recognize the following sounds easily:
Meow
Moo
Neigh
Tweet
Oink
Baa
Groups of Onomatopoeic Words
Onomatopoeic words come in combinations as they reflect different sounds of a single object.
For example, a group of words reflecting different sounds of water are;
plop,
splash,
gush,
sprinkle,
drizzle,
drip etc.
Function of Onomatopoeia
Generally, words are used to tell what is happening. Onomatopoeia, on the other hand, helps the readers to hear the sounds the words they reflect. Hence, the reader cannot help but enter the world created by the poet with the aid of these words. The beauty of onomatopoeic words lies in the fact that they are bound to have an effect on the readers’ senseswhether they are understood or not. Moreover, a simple plain expression does not have the same emphatic effect that conveys an idea powerfully to the readers. The use of onomatopoeic words helps create emphasis.
Definition
Onomatopoeia is defined as a word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting.
Common Examples of Onomatopoeia
The buzzing bee flew away.
The sack fell into the river with a splash.
The books fell on the table with a loud thump.
He looked at the roaring sky.The rustling leaves kept me awake. The different sounds of animals are also considered as examples of onomatopoeia. You will recognize the following sounds easily:
Meow
Moo
Neigh
Tweet
Oink
Baa
Groups of Onomatopoeic Words
Onomatopoeic words come in combinations as they reflect different sounds of a single object.
For example, a group of words reflecting different sounds of water are;
plop,
splash,
gush,
sprinkle,
drizzle,
drip etc.
Function of Onomatopoeia
Generally, words are used to tell what is happening. Onomatopoeia, on the other hand, helps the readers to hear the sounds the words they reflect. Hence, the reader cannot help but enter the world created by the poet with the aid of these words. The beauty of onomatopoeic words lies in the fact that they are bound to have an effect on the readers’ senseswhether they are understood or not. Moreover, a simple plain expression does not have the same emphatic effect that conveys an idea powerfully to the readers. The use of onomatopoeic words helps create emphasis.
I. Antonomasia
Antonomasia (pronounced an-tuh-nuh–mey-zhuh) is a literary term in which a descriptive phrase replaces a person’s name. Antonomasia can range from lighthearted nicknames to epic names.The phrase antonomasia is derived from the Greek phrase antonomazein meaning “to name differently.”
II. Examples of Antonomasia
Oftentimes, antonomasia is used to call attention to a certain characteristic.Example 1Imagine that you have a friend who is a fantastic chef, and you want to say hello.Normal sentence:“Oh, look! Sam’s arrived!”Sentence with Antonomasia:“Oh, look! The great chef has arrived!”Here, the use of antonomasia allows you to greet your friend with a nickname which also reveals something about his character: he’s a great chef. Example 2For another example, consider that you have a grumpy teacher:Normal sentence:“He’s grumpy, boring, doesn’t want to listen to anyone, and definitely doesn’t want to help anyone.”Sentence with Antonomasia:“Mr. Grumps doesn’t want to listen to anyone, and definitely doesn’t want to help anyone.”Replacing the teacher’s actual name with his defining characteristic, grumpiness, serves to highlight just how much the mood is associated with the man. Example 3For a commonly use example of antonomasia, consider two women discussing men:Normal sentence:“He’s such a good guy. I enjoy his company so much! I just hope he’s the right guy for me.”With the addition of antonomasia, we can emphasize the quality she hopes to find in this man:Sentence with Antonomasia:“He’s such a good guy. I enjoy his company so much! I just hope he’s Mr. Right.“Giving a man the title “Mr. Right” is an everyday example of antonomasia in conversation.
III. The importance of using Antonomasia
Antonomasia can provide someone with a strongepithet which further celebrates and memorializes their great deeds. In advertising and pop culture, such wording can also further celebrate the famous, such as The Beatles as “The Fab Four.”Uses for antonomasia vary slightly depending on the time period. In the past, antonomasia would be used to designate class members, as oftentimes people’s names were linked to their professions. Antonomasia was also used in the past to give positive names to strong warriors and negative names to weak or nasty people.Here are a few examples of antonomasia in the past:Aristotle as “The Philosopher”Winston Churchill as “The Great Commoner”William Shakespeare as “The Bard”In this way, the past is similar to the present, as we tend to use antonomasia purely for enjoyment and fun with nicknames.
Conversion
In linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word formationinvolving the creation of a word (of a newword class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form,[1] which is to say, derivationusing only zero. For example, the noungreen in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from theadjective green.Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English; much more remarked upon is the creation of a verbby converting a noun or other word (e.g., the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean).
Antonomasia (pronounced an-tuh-nuh–mey-zhuh) is a literary term in which a descriptive phrase replaces a person’s name. Antonomasia can range from lighthearted nicknames to epic names.The phrase antonomasia is derived from the Greek phrase antonomazein meaning “to name differently.”
II. Examples of Antonomasia
Oftentimes, antonomasia is used to call attention to a certain characteristic.Example 1Imagine that you have a friend who is a fantastic chef, and you want to say hello.Normal sentence:“Oh, look! Sam’s arrived!”Sentence with Antonomasia:“Oh, look! The great chef has arrived!”Here, the use of antonomasia allows you to greet your friend with a nickname which also reveals something about his character: he’s a great chef. Example 2For another example, consider that you have a grumpy teacher:Normal sentence:“He’s grumpy, boring, doesn’t want to listen to anyone, and definitely doesn’t want to help anyone.”Sentence with Antonomasia:“Mr. Grumps doesn’t want to listen to anyone, and definitely doesn’t want to help anyone.”Replacing the teacher’s actual name with his defining characteristic, grumpiness, serves to highlight just how much the mood is associated with the man. Example 3For a commonly use example of antonomasia, consider two women discussing men:Normal sentence:“He’s such a good guy. I enjoy his company so much! I just hope he’s the right guy for me.”With the addition of antonomasia, we can emphasize the quality she hopes to find in this man:Sentence with Antonomasia:“He’s such a good guy. I enjoy his company so much! I just hope he’s Mr. Right.“Giving a man the title “Mr. Right” is an everyday example of antonomasia in conversation.
III. The importance of using Antonomasia
Antonomasia can provide someone with a strongepithet which further celebrates and memorializes their great deeds. In advertising and pop culture, such wording can also further celebrate the famous, such as The Beatles as “The Fab Four.”Uses for antonomasia vary slightly depending on the time period. In the past, antonomasia would be used to designate class members, as oftentimes people’s names were linked to their professions. Antonomasia was also used in the past to give positive names to strong warriors and negative names to weak or nasty people.Here are a few examples of antonomasia in the past:Aristotle as “The Philosopher”Winston Churchill as “The Great Commoner”William Shakespeare as “The Bard”In this way, the past is similar to the present, as we tend to use antonomasia purely for enjoyment and fun with nicknames.
Conversion
In linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word formationinvolving the creation of a word (of a newword class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form,[1] which is to say, derivationusing only zero. For example, the noungreen in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from theadjective green.Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English; much more remarked upon is the creation of a verbby converting a noun or other word (e.g., the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean).
Jumat, 06 Mei 2016
Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes
Morphemes
Morphology is the study of morpheme obviously. The definition of morphemes is the smallest meaningful unit that has grammatical function. For instance, the word tourist contains three morphemes. Those are one minimal unit of meaning tour, another minimal unit of meaning -ist (person who does something) and one minimal unit of grammatical function –s (indicating plural).A bound morpheme is amorpheme (or word element) that cannot stand alone as a word.
A free morpheme is a morpheme(or word element) that can stand alone as a word. Also called an unbound morpheme or a free-standing morpheme.Free and Bound MorphemesThere is a broad distinction between two types of morphemes, free and bound. Free morphemes are the set of separate English word forms such as basic nouns and verbs that can stand by themselves as a single word such as open and tour. Then bound morphemes are morphemes that typically need to be attached to another form, exemplified as re-, -ist. This last set is identified as affixes. When free morphemes used with bound morphemes attached are technically known as stems.
For example:
carelessnesscare -less -nessstem suffix suffixfree bound boundHowever, there are a number of English words in which their stems are factually not free morphemes. In words such as receive, reduce, re- at the beginning of those words are identified as the bound morphemes but the elements –ceive, -duce are not separate words and free morphemes. So these types of form are described as ‘bound stems’ to distinguish them from ‘free stems’ such as dress and care. Morphology merupakan bisang ilmu yang membahas kata dasar dan imbuhan. Objek dari morphology adalah morpheme. Secara garis besar, morpheme dibagi menjadi free morpheme dan bound morpheme.
A. FREE MORPHEME
Free morpheme (FM) adalah kata yang dapat berdiri sendiri dan berpotensi membentuk kata. Jenis FM ada dua, yaitu lexical morpheme dan functional morpheme. Lexical morpheme dapat menerima imbuhan baik suffix atupun prefix.
Sebagai contoh: Noun House + s HousesAdjective Un + Happy UnhappyVerb Write + s WritesAdverb Slow + ly SlowlySementara itu, functional morpheme tidak dapat menerima imbuhan, diantaranya:
1. Pronoun: I, You, They, We, He, She, It2. Conjunction: And, But, Before, … etc3. Preposition: In, At, On, … etc4. Interjection: Ah, Hai, Hallo, Wow, … etc5. Article: A, An, The6. Demostrative: That, This, These, ThoseB.
BOUND MORPHEME
Bound Morpheme (BM) merupakan morpheme yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, tidak berpotensi membentuk kata namun berpotensi membentuk imbuhan. Adapun jenisnya adalah Derivational Morpheme (DM) dan Inflectional Morpheme (IM). DM dapat membentuk kata baru. Sedangkan makna dan kelas kata dapat berubah atau tidak. DM terbagi menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu:
a. Derivational prefix: Irregular, Dislikeb. Derivational suffix: Careless, FortunatelyKata irregular dan dislike di atas telah mendapatkan prefix ir dan dis. Penambahan prefix di atas jelas merubah maknanya bahkan menjadi antonim dari kata asalnya yaitu regular dan like. Meski demikian, kelas kata tidak mengalami perubahan yaitu tetap adjective (irregular dan regular) dan verb transitif (like dan dislike). Seringkali, kata-kata yang dibentuk DM mengubah kelas katanya, misal —ness mengubah adjective good menjadi noun goodness.Sementara itu, IM tidak dapat membentuk kata baru. Makna dan kelas kata tidak berubah. Lebih tepatnya, IM digunakan untuk kebutuhan grammar misalnya untuk menunjukkan apakah suatu kata plural atau singular noun, past atau bukan, atau apakah comparative atau possesive. Misalnya morpheme —ed ditambahkan pada verb produce untuk membentuk past tense produced, morpheme —est ditambahkan pada adjective tall untuk membentuk superlative tallest.
link:http://vlearn.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/wordformation/internalstructure/freemorphemes/
http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/freemorphterm.htm
http://www.fabelia.com/arti-morpheme-pembagian-jenis-contoh/
Morphemes
Morphology is the study of morpheme obviously. The definition of morphemes is the smallest meaningful unit that has grammatical function. For instance, the word tourist contains three morphemes. Those are one minimal unit of meaning tour, another minimal unit of meaning -ist (person who does something) and one minimal unit of grammatical function –s (indicating plural).A bound morpheme is amorpheme (or word element) that cannot stand alone as a word.
A free morpheme is a morpheme(or word element) that can stand alone as a word. Also called an unbound morpheme or a free-standing morpheme.Free and Bound MorphemesThere is a broad distinction between two types of morphemes, free and bound. Free morphemes are the set of separate English word forms such as basic nouns and verbs that can stand by themselves as a single word such as open and tour. Then bound morphemes are morphemes that typically need to be attached to another form, exemplified as re-, -ist. This last set is identified as affixes. When free morphemes used with bound morphemes attached are technically known as stems.
For example:
carelessnesscare -less -nessstem suffix suffixfree bound boundHowever, there are a number of English words in which their stems are factually not free morphemes. In words such as receive, reduce, re- at the beginning of those words are identified as the bound morphemes but the elements –ceive, -duce are not separate words and free morphemes. So these types of form are described as ‘bound stems’ to distinguish them from ‘free stems’ such as dress and care. Morphology merupakan bisang ilmu yang membahas kata dasar dan imbuhan. Objek dari morphology adalah morpheme. Secara garis besar, morpheme dibagi menjadi free morpheme dan bound morpheme.
A. FREE MORPHEME
Free morpheme (FM) adalah kata yang dapat berdiri sendiri dan berpotensi membentuk kata. Jenis FM ada dua, yaitu lexical morpheme dan functional morpheme. Lexical morpheme dapat menerima imbuhan baik suffix atupun prefix.
Sebagai contoh: Noun House + s HousesAdjective Un + Happy UnhappyVerb Write + s WritesAdverb Slow + ly SlowlySementara itu, functional morpheme tidak dapat menerima imbuhan, diantaranya:
1. Pronoun: I, You, They, We, He, She, It2. Conjunction: And, But, Before, … etc3. Preposition: In, At, On, … etc4. Interjection: Ah, Hai, Hallo, Wow, … etc5. Article: A, An, The6. Demostrative: That, This, These, ThoseB.
BOUND MORPHEME
Bound Morpheme (BM) merupakan morpheme yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, tidak berpotensi membentuk kata namun berpotensi membentuk imbuhan. Adapun jenisnya adalah Derivational Morpheme (DM) dan Inflectional Morpheme (IM). DM dapat membentuk kata baru. Sedangkan makna dan kelas kata dapat berubah atau tidak. DM terbagi menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu:
a. Derivational prefix: Irregular, Dislikeb. Derivational suffix: Careless, FortunatelyKata irregular dan dislike di atas telah mendapatkan prefix ir dan dis. Penambahan prefix di atas jelas merubah maknanya bahkan menjadi antonim dari kata asalnya yaitu regular dan like. Meski demikian, kelas kata tidak mengalami perubahan yaitu tetap adjective (irregular dan regular) dan verb transitif (like dan dislike). Seringkali, kata-kata yang dibentuk DM mengubah kelas katanya, misal —ness mengubah adjective good menjadi noun goodness.Sementara itu, IM tidak dapat membentuk kata baru. Makna dan kelas kata tidak berubah. Lebih tepatnya, IM digunakan untuk kebutuhan grammar misalnya untuk menunjukkan apakah suatu kata plural atau singular noun, past atau bukan, atau apakah comparative atau possesive. Misalnya morpheme —ed ditambahkan pada verb produce untuk membentuk past tense produced, morpheme —est ditambahkan pada adjective tall untuk membentuk superlative tallest.
link:http://vlearn.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/wordformation/internalstructure/freemorphemes/
http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/freemorphterm.htm
http://www.fabelia.com/arti-morpheme-pembagian-jenis-contoh/
Affixation
Definition
In linguistics, affixation is the process of adding amorpheme (or affix) to a word to create either (a) a different form of that word (e.g., bird → birds), or (b) a new word with a different meaning (bird →birder). Affixation is the most common way of making new words in English.
The two primary kinds of affixation are prefixation(the addition of a prefix) and suffixation (the addition of a suffix).
Examples and Observations
•"Men who areun happy, like men who sleepbadly, are always proud of the fact."(Bertrand Russell, The Conquest of Happiness, 1930)
•"If you carry your childhood with you, you never become older."(attributed to Tom Stoppard)
Prefix
Definition
A prefix is a letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning. Common prefixes include anti- (against),co- (with), mis- (wrong, bad), and trans- (across).The word prefix contains the prefix pre- (which means "before") and the root word fix (which means "to fasten or place"). Thus the wordprefixmeans "to place before."
Prefixation (the process of adding a prefix to a word) is a common way of forming new words in English.
Definition
In linguistics, affixation is the process of adding amorpheme (or affix) to a word to create either (a) a different form of that word (e.g., bird → birds), or (b) a new word with a different meaning (bird →birder). Affixation is the most common way of making new words in English.
The two primary kinds of affixation are prefixation(the addition of a prefix) and suffixation (the addition of a suffix).
Examples and Observations
•"Men who areun happy, like men who sleepbadly, are always proud of the fact."(Bertrand Russell, The Conquest of Happiness, 1930)
•"If you carry your childhood with you, you never become older."(attributed to Tom Stoppard)
Prefix
Definition
A prefix is a letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning. Common prefixes include anti- (against),co- (with), mis- (wrong, bad), and trans- (across).The word prefix contains the prefix pre- (which means "before") and the root word fix (which means "to fasten or place"). Thus the wordprefixmeans "to place before."
Prefixation (the process of adding a prefix to a word) is a common way of forming new words in English.
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